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JBO竞博医学英语教程-田祥斌pdf

发布日期:2023-07-22  来源:

  JBO竞博医 学 英 语 教 程 供医学院本科生使用 A Course Book of Medical English 主 编 田祥斌 副主编 林 俐 王海燕 刘 斌 杨春芳 袁太宁 武汉大学出版社 前 言 为了使广大医学院的本科生和研究生能跟踪21世纪生命科学发展的信息, 尽快掌握用英语交流的能力, 根据国家教育部大学英语教学大纲的要求, 我们编 写了 《医学英语》 系列教材。 本套教材主要供医学院校高年级学生或研究生使用。 教材突出实用性、 时代 性、 知识性和兴趣性, 选材充分反映最新的医学科技发展状况, 体现现代医学理 念。 侧重阅读, 兼顾听、 说、 写、 译等能力的培养。 《医学英语》 系列教材分三册成书。 分别是: 《医学英语教程》、 《医学英语 听说教程》、 《医学英语写作》。 在教学中, 各校可以根据学生实际水平选用。 《医学英语教程》 主要供高等医学院校本科高年级学生和研究生选用。 本册 共分 10 个单元, 每个单元分医学术语学 (Medical Terminology) 和课文阅读 (Readings) 两部分。 医学术语学部分突出医学英语词汇的前缀、 后缀、 词根的介绍和分析, 并编 写相应构词练习。 通过医学英语构词法的分析和学习, 使学生理解医学英语术语 构成的特殊性和规律性。 在练习中和课文的学习中加深对构词法的掌握和运用, 以便扩大医学英语词汇量, 达到事半功倍的目的。 每个单元的课文阅读部分包括三篇相互关联的短文, 其内容包含流行病学、 免疫学、 解剖学、 组织胚胎学、 基因、 生理学、 病理学、 传染病学、 劳动卫生、 社会学、 医学心理学和伦理学等。 课文均选自国外英语原文权威学术期刊或近期 文献资料, 语言规范。 部分短文反映近几年生命科学领域的发展信息和新成果, 具有知识性。 每篇短文后面编写有注解、 生词表和练习, 突出实践性。 练习力求 形式多样, 围绕理解课文、 掌握重点词汇和构词法学习而编写。 全书附有总词汇 表, 方便读者查询JBO竞博。 本教材内容毕竟不可能穷尽医学科学的全部, 但编者相信读者会从中得到裨 益, 奠定医学专业英语交流的坚实基础。 由于编写此类教材尚属探索,难免出现不妥之处,希望广大师生提出宝贵意见。 编 者 2007年8月 CONTENTS Unit One …………………………………………………………………………… 1 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ………………………………………………… 1 Section Ⅱ Readings …………………………………………………………… 5 Text A Plague ……………………………………………………………… 5 Text B The Death of Young King Edward Ⅵ ……………………………… 16 Text C The Major Infectious Diseases in the World —To Treat or Not to Treat ………………………………………… 23 Unit Two ………………………………………………………………………… 28 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 28 Section Ⅱ Readings …………………………………………………………… 31 Text A The Human Body …………………………………………………… 31 Text B Organs and Diseases ……………………………………………… 43 Text C The Structure of Human Body ……………………………………… 49 Unit Three ……………………………………………………………………… 56 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 56 Section Ⅱ Readings …………………………………………………………… 59 Text A Biology of Blood …………………………………………………… 59 Text B ABO Blood Group System ………………………………………… 68 Text C Common Medical Tests …………………………………………… 74 Unit Four ………………………………………………………………………… 79 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 79 Section Ⅱ Readings …………………………………………………………… 81 Text A Smoking Cessation ………………………………………………… 81 Text B Smoking Cessation ………………………………………………… 89 Text C Problems Resulting from the Irresponsible Use of Alcohol ………… 93 ·1· Unit Five ………………………………………………………………………… 98 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 98 Section Ⅱ Readings ………………………………………………………… 100 Text A Puberty …………………………………………………………… 100 Text B Hypersomnia and Intoxicant Parasomnia ………………………… 108 Text C Sleep Apnea Syndromes …………………………………………… 112 Unit Six ………………………………………………………………………… 116 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 116 Section Ⅱ Readings ………………………………………………………… 118 Text A AIDS ……………………………………………………………… 118 Text B Immunodeficiency ………………………………………………… 127 Text C Autoimmune Hepatitis …………………………………………… 132 Unit Seven ……………………………………………………………………… 136 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 136 Section Ⅱ Readings ………………………………………………………… 138 Text A Written Self⁃help Treatmentsfor Depression ……………………… 138 Text B Integrating Psychological Care into General Medical Practice ………………………………………………… 146 Text C The Powerful Placebo and the Wizard of Oz ……………………… 150 Unit Eight ……………………………………………………………………… 155 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 155 Section Ⅱ Readings ………………………………………………………… 157 Text A Human Cloning and Genetic Modification —The Basic Science You Need to Know ………………………… 157 Text B Baby Needs a New Set of Genes ………………………………… 167 Text C ScientistsTrying to Make Old Cells Young ……………………… 172 Unit Nine ……………………………………………………………………… 177 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 177 Section Ⅱ Readings ………………………………………………………… 180 Text A Bacteria:Friend or Foe? ………………………………………… 180 ·2 · Text B Plasmodium Parasites ……………………………………………… 188 Text C Are Viruses Alive? ……………………………………………… 195 Unit Ten ………………………………………………………………………… 200 Section Ⅰ Medical Terminology ……………………………………………… 200 Section Ⅱ Readings ………………………………………………………… 203 Text A Medical Ethics …………………………………………………… 203 Text B No Mercy in Florida ……………………………………………… 215 Text C An Ethical Market in Human Organs …………………………… 220 Appendix Ⅰ Vocabulary ……………………………………………………… 226 Appendix Ⅱ English⁃Chinese Common Medical Glossary ………………… 262 ·3 · Unit One Section Ⅰ MedicalTerminology A. Introduction to Word Part Many medical terms are made up of combinations of word parts that are joined. Learning medical terminology is much easier once you understand how the word parts work together to form new words. The three types of word parts are: Root:foundation of the term. Suffix:word ending. Prefix:word beginning. Combining vowel:vowelthatlinkstheroottothesuffixortheroottoanotherroot. Combining form:combination of the root and the combining vowel. B. Word Building Rules Now that we have identified the word elements (word roots, combining forms, prefixes,and suffixes). Lets see how they all fit together to build medical words. There is a logical order to build medical words: A prefix is placed at the beginning of the word. A suffix is placed at the end of the word root. The use of more than one word root in a word creates the need for combining vowels to connect the roots. This,in turn,creates combining forms that are used in compound words. Component words are usually composed in the following order:combining form + word root+suffix. Example:cardi/ o +path + y = cardiopathy leuk/ o + cyt + osis = leukocytosis When severalcombiningformsareused,theorderisasfollows:combiningform+ ·1· combining form + word root + suffix. Example:cardi/ o +my/ o +path+y = cardiomyopathy leuk/ o +cyt/ o +pen+ia = leukocytopenia When defining a medical word,there is also a logical approach. The definition of a medical word usually begins with defining the suffix (the word ending)first and continues to “read” backwards through the word asyou define it. Example:For the word carditis,the definition is inflammation (⁃itis) of the heart (card⁃). For the word cardiomegaly,the definition is the enlargement (⁃megaly) of the heart (cardi⁃). It is a noun ending and the o is a combining vowel. Example:For the word intracardiac,the definition is pertaining to (⁃ac) within (intra⁃) the heart (⁃cardi⁃). For the wordpericardial,the definition is pertaining to (⁃al) around (peri⁃) the heart (⁃cardi⁃). For the word hypoglycemia,the definition is blood condition (⁃emia) of low,or less than normal (hypo⁃) sugar (⁃glyc⁃). For the word hyperhidrosis, the definition is condition (⁃osis) of excessive (hyper⁃) sweating (⁃hidr⁃). When a medical word identifies body system or parts,the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first,then defining the organs in the order in which they are studied in the particular body system. Example:In the word cardiopulmonary,the definition is pertaining to (⁃ary) the heart (cardi⁃)andlungs (⁃pulmon⁃). Theoisacombiningvowelforthetwowordroots. In the word cardioarterial the definition is pertaining to (⁃al) the heart (cardi⁃) and the arteries (⁃arteri⁃). The o is a combining vowel for the two word roots. In the word hysterosalpingectomy the definition is removal of (⁃ectomy) the uterus (hyster⁃) and fallopian tubes (⁃salping⁃). The o is a combing vowel for the two word roots. C. Combining Forms,Prefixes and Suffixes Learn the following combining forms:prefixes and suffixes. Prefix & Suffix Meaning Terminology Chinese chemo⁃ chemistry chemotherapy 化学疗法 chemo⁃immunity 化学免疫性 ·2 · 续表 Prefix & Suffix Meaning Terminology Chinese chemocoagulation 化学凝固法 ex⁃ outside exclusion 排除 exhalation 呼出 hemo⁃ blood hemoglobin 血红蛋白 hemocytoblast 成血细胞 hyper⁃ above hyperacousia 听觉过敏 hyperinfection 高度传染 immuno⁃ immunity immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷 immunocatalysis 免疫催化作用 immunodiagnosis 免疫诊断 immunology 免疫学 immunodepression 免疫抑制 immunoassay 免疫测定 immunochemistry 免疫化学 im⁃ not imbalance 失调 in⁃ not inadequacy 官能不全 inefficacy 无效 insomnia 失眠 inanition 营养不足,虚弱 inter⁃ between intercostal 肋间的 interdental 牙齿之间的 interaction 相互作用 interferon 干扰素 intercellular 细胞间的 intra⁃ within intracardiac 心内的 intravenous 静脉内的 myco⁃ fungus mycobacterium 分支杆菌 mycology 真菌学 multi⁃ many, much multidrugs 多药物 multi⁃infection 多菌传染 multivalence 多价 pre⁃ before prenatal 产前的 preoperative 手术前的 patho⁃ disease pathology 病理学 pathophobia 疾病恐怖 re⁃ again, back reabsorption 重吸收 recidivation 复发 ·3 · 续表 Prefix & Suffix Meaning Terminology Chinese redistribute 重新分配 replication 复制, 答辩 replantation 再植 reproduction 生殖, 繁殖 un⁃ not unbalance 失调 unrest 不安 uninfected 未受感染的 unevenly 不平均的 ⁃gen that which produces pathogen 病原体 antigen 抗原 neurogen 神经原质 ⁃therapy treatment radium⁃therapy 镭疗法 tissue⁃therapy 组织疗法 X⁃ray⁃therapy X线疗法 chemotherapy 化学疗法 radiotherapy 放射线疗法 physiotherapy 物理疗法 bibliotherapy 读书/ 阅读疗法 Exercises Ⅰ. Give the meanings for the following combining forms,prefixes and suffixes, and provide one example for each. Meaning Example 1. ⁃gen 2. myco⁃ 3. chemo⁃ 4. hyper⁃ 5. peri⁃ 6. immuno⁃ 7. un⁃ 8. multi⁃ 9. patho⁃ 10. intra⁃ ·4 · Ⅱ. Explain the meanings of the following medical terms. For example: immunodeficiency:lack of immunity to some kinds of disease. 1. mycotoxin: 2. pathogenic: 3. antiandrogen: 4. fibrinogen: 5. interleukins: 6. prepuberty: 7. multiparous: 8. reimplantation: 9. hemochrome: 10. exogenous: Ⅲ. Give the stresses to the following medical terms and then translate them into Chinese. For example:biˈology 生物学. 1. mycology 2. antituberculosis 3. pathogenicity 4. neurogen 5. immunocatalysis 6. chemocoagulation 7. unbalance 8. prenatal 9. exhalation 10. periadenitis 11. recidivation 12. hyperacousia 13. intercostal 14. hemocytoblast 15. intracardiac 16. hemoglobin Section Ⅱ Readings Text A Plague Thirteen hundred and forty⁃eight years had already passed after the fruitful Incarnation of the Son of God went into the distinguished city of Florence,nobler than any other Italian city,there came the deadly pestilence. It started in the East,either because of the influence of heavenly bodies or because of Gods just wrath as a punishment to mortalsfor ourwicked deeds,and it killed an infinite number of people. ·5 · Without pause it spread from one place and it stretched its miserable length over the West. And against this pestilence no human wisdom or foresight was of any avail; quantities of filth were removed from the city by officials charged with this task;the entry of any sick person into the city was prohibited;and many directives were issued concerning the maintenance of good health. Nor were the humble supplications, rendered not once but many timesto God by piouspeople through public processionsor by other means,efficacious;for almost at the beginning of springtime of the year in question the plague began to show its sorrowful effects in an extraordinary manner. It did not act as it had done in the East,where bleeding from the nose was a manifest sign of inevitable death,but it began in both men and women with certain swelling either in the groin or under the armpits,some of which grew to the size of a normal apple and others to the size of an egg (more or less),and the people called them buboes. And from the two parts of the body already mentioned,within a brief space of time,the said deadly buboes began to spread indiscriminately over every part of the body;and after this,the symptoms of the illness changed to black or livid spots appearing on the arms and thighs,and on every part of the body,some large ones and sometimes manylittleonesscatteredallaround. Andjustasthebuboeswereoriginally, and still are,a very certain indication of impending death,in like manner these spots came to mean the same thing for whoever had them. Neither a doctors advice nor the strength of medicine could do anything to cure this illness;on the contrary,either the nature of the illness was such that it afforded no cure, or else the doctors were so ignorant that they did not recognize its cause and,as a result,could not prescribe the proper remedy (in fact, the number of doctors, other than the well⁃trained, was increased by a large number of men and women who had never had any medical training);at any rate,few of the sick were ever cured,and almost all died after the third day of the appearance of the previously described symptoms (some sooner,others later),and most of them died without fever or any other side effects. Thispestilencewas so powerful that it wascommunicated to the healthy by contact with the sick,the way a fire close to dry or oily things will set them aflame. And the evil of the plague went even further:not only did talking to or being around the sick bring infection and a common death, but also touching the clothes of the sick or anythingtouchedorusedbythemseemedtocommunicatethisverydiseasetotheperson involved. What I am about to say is incredible to hear,and if I and others had not witnessed it with our own eyes,I should not dare believe it (let alone write about it), no matter how trustworthy a person I might have heard it from. Let me say,then,that ·6 · the power of the plague described here was of such virulence in spreading from one person to another that not only did it passfrom one man to the next,but,whatsmore, it wasoftentransmittedfromthefermentsof a sick or dead manto animalsthat not only became contaminated by the disease,but also died within a brief period of time. My own eyes,as I said earlier,witnessed such a thing one day:when the rags of a poor man who died of this disease were thrown into the public street,two pigs came upon them,as they are wont to do,and first with their snouts and then with their teeth they took the rags and shook them around; and within a short time, after a number of convulsions,both pigsfell dead upon the ill⁃fated rags,as if they had been poisoned. From these and many similar or worse occurrencesthere came about suchfear and such fantastic notions among those who remained alive that almost all of them took a very cruel attitude in the matter;that is,they completely avoided the sick and their possessions;andin so doing,each onebelievedthathewasprotectinghisgoodhealth. ... And not all thosewho adoptedthese diverse opinionsdied,nor didthey all escape with their lives;on the contrary,many of those who thought this way were falling sick everywhere,and since they had given,when they were healthy,the bad example of avoiding the sick,they, in turn,were abandoned and left to languish away without care. The fact was that one citizen avoided another,that almost no one cared for his neighbor,and that relatives rarely or hardly ever visited each other—they stayed far apart. This disaster had struck suchfear into the heartsof men andwomen that brother abandoned brother,uncle abandoned nephew,sister left brother,and very often wife abandoned husband, and—even worse, almost unbelievable—fathers and mothers neglected to tend and care for their children,as if they were not their own. ... The city was full of corpses. The dead were usually given the same treatment by their neighbors,who were moved more by the fear that the decomposing corpses would contaminate them than by any charity they might havefelt towardsthe deceased:either by themselves orwith the assistance of porters (when they were available),they would drag the corpse out of the home and place it in front of the doorstep where,usually in themorning,quantitiesof deadbodiescouldbeseenby anypasser⁃by;then,theywere laid out on biers,or for lack of biers,on a plank. Nor did a bier carry only one corpse;sometimes it was used for two or three at a time. More than once,a single bier would serve for a wife and husband,two or three brothers,afatherorson,orotherrelatives,allatthesametime. Andcountlesstimesit ·7 · happened that two priests,each with a cross,would be on their way to bury someone, when porters carrying three or four biers would just follow along behind them; and where these priests thought they hadjust one dead man to bury,they had,in fact,six oreightandsometimesmore. Moreover,thedeadwerehonoredwithnotearsorcandles orfuneralmournersbutworse:thingshadreachedsuchapointthatthepeoplewhodied were cared for aswe care for goats today. Thus,it became quite obvious that what the wise had not been able to endure with patience through the few calamities of everyday life now became a matter of indifference to even the most simple⁃minded people as a result of this colossal misfortune. So many corpseswould arrive infront of a church every day and at every hour that the amount of holy groundfor burialswascertainly insufficientfor the ancient custom of giving each body itsindividualplace;whenallthegraveswerefull,hugetrencheswere dug in all of thecemeteriesof thechurchesandintothemthenew arrivalsweredumped by the hundreds;andtheywerepackedintherewithdirt,oneontopof another,likea ships cargo,until the trench wasfilled. But instead of going over every detail of thepast miserieswhich befell our city,let me say that the same unfriendly weather there did not, because of this, spare the surrounding countryside any evil;there,not to speak of the townswhich,on a smaller scale,were like the city,in the scattered villagesand in thefieldsthe poor,miserable peasants and their families,without any medical assistance or aid of servants,died on the roads and in their fields and in their homes,as many by day asby night,and they died not like men but more like wild animals. Because of thisthey,likethe city dwellers,became carelessintheirwaysand did not look after their possessions or their businesses;furthermore,when they saw that death was upon them,completely neglecting the future fruits of their past labors,their livestock,their property,they didtheirbesttoconsumewhatthey alreadyhadathand. So,it came about that oxen,donkeys,sheep,pigs,chickens and even dogs,mans most faithful companion,were driven from their homes into thefields,where thewheat was left not only unharvested but also unreaped,and they were allowed to roam where they wished; and many of these animals, almost as if they were rational beings, returned at night to their homeswithout any guidance from a shepherd,satiated after a good days meal. Leaving the countryside and returning to the city,what more can one say,except that so great was the cruelty of Heaven,and,perhaps,also that of man,that from March toJuly ofthesameyear,betweenthefury ofthepestiferoussicknessandthefact ·8 · that many of the sick were badly treated or abandoned in need because of the fear that the healthy had,more than one hundred thousand human beings are believed to have lost their lives for certain inside the walls of the city of Florence whereas,before the deadly plague,one would not have estimated that there were actually that many people dwelling in that city. OhJBO竞博,how many great palaces,beautiful homes,and noble dwellings,once filled withfamilies,gentlemen,andladies,werenow emptied,downtothelastservant!How many notable families,vast domains,and famous fortunes remained without legitimate heir!How many valiant men,beautiful women,and charming young men,who might have been pronounced very healthy by Galen,Hippocrates,and Aesculapius (not to mention lesserphysicians),dinedinthemorningwiththeirrelatives,companions,and friends and then in the evening took supper with their ancestors in the other world! New Words and Phrases plague [plei] n 瘟疫,灾祸 fruitful [ˈfruːtful] adj. 果实结得多的,多产的,富有成效 的, 有成效的,有作用的 pestilence [ˈpestiləns] n. 瘟疫 heavenly [ˈhevənli] adj. 天空的, 天体的 wrath [rɔː] n. 愤怒 mortal [ˈmɔːtl] n. 凡人,人类 foresight [ˈfɔːsait] n. 远见,深谋远虑 avail [əˈveil] n. 效用,利益 filth [filθ] n. 污秽,污物 directive [diˈrektiv] n. 命令, 指示 maintenance [ˈmeintinəns] n. 维护,保持 humble [ˈhʌmbl] adj. 卑下的,谦逊的 supplication [ˌsʌpliˈkeiʃən] n. 恳求,祈祷 render [ˈrendə] vt. 呈递,实施 pious [ˈpaiəs] adj. 虔诚的,尽责的 efficacious [ˌefiˈkeiʃəs] adj. 有效的,灵验的 extraordinary [iksˈtrɔːdinəri] adj. 非常的,特别的,非凡的 manifest [ˈmænifest] adj. 显然的,明白的 inevitable [inˈevitbl] adj. 不可避免的,必然的 swell [swel] v. (使) 膨胀,增大 ·9 · groin [rɔin] n. 腹股沟 armpit [ˈɑːmpit] n. 腋窝 bubo [ˈbjuːbəu] n. 腹股沟腺炎 indiscriminately [ˌindisˈkriminitli] adv. 不加区别地, 毫无选择地 symptom [ˈsimptəm] n. 症状,征兆 livid [ˈlivid] adj. 青紫色的 impending [imˈpendi] adj. 即将发生的 remedy [ˈremidi] n. 药物,治疗法 at any rate 总而言之 communicate [kəˈmjuːnikeit] v. 感染, 沟通,通信 oily [ˈɔili] adj. 油的 aflame [əˈfleim] adj. 燃烧的 virulence [ˈviruləns] n. 毒力,危险 transmit [trænzˈmit] vt. 传染,传播 ferment [ˈfəːmənt] n. 酵素,发酵,骚动 contaminate [kənˈtæmineit] v. 感染, 污染 snout [snaut] n. 猪嘴 convulsion [kənˈvʌlʃən] n. 抽搐,哄堂大笑 fantastic [fænˈtæstik] adj. 稀奇古怪的,幻想的 corpse [kɔːps] n. 尸体 charity [ˈtʃæriti] n. 慈善,施舍,慈善团体 porter [ˈpɔːtə] n. 守门人,门房 drag [dræ] v. 拖,拖曳 passer⁃by [pɑːsəˈbai] n. 过路人,行人 plank [plæk] n. 厚木板,支架 priest [priːst] n. 牧师 funeral [ˈfjuːnərəl] n. 葬礼,出殡 mourner [ˈmɔːnə] n. 悲伤者,哀悼者 calamity [kəˈlæmiti] n. 灾难,不幸事件 colossal [kəˈlɔsl] adj. 巨大的,庞大的 holy [ˈhəuli] adj. 神圣的,圣洁的 trench [trentʃ] n. 沟渠 cemetery [ˈsemitri] n. 墓地,公墓 dump [dʌmp] vt. 倾倒 befall [biˈfɔːl] v. 降临, 落到 ·10 · livestock [ˈlaivstɔk] n. 家畜,牲畜 unharvested [ˌʌn ˈhːvistid] adj. 未收获的 unreaped [ˌʌnˈriːpt] adj. 未收割的 roam [rəum] v. 漫游,闲逛 rational [ˈræʃənl] adj. 理性的,合理的 satiate [ˈseiʃieit] v. 满足 pestiferous [pesˈtifərəs] adj. 传播疾病的,邪恶的 domain [dəuˈmein] n. 领土,领地,领域 legitimate [liˈdʒitimit] adj. 合法的,合理的,正统的 valiant [ˈvæljənt] adj. 勇敢的,英勇的 Notes 1. This text is slightly adapted from the novel Decameron 《十日谈》 written by Italian world⁃famous novelist Giovanni Boccaccio (1313⁃1375,乔万尼 ·薄迦丘)in 1353 and translated by Mark Musa. Boccaccio provides a dramatic framework for his narrations. His storytellers are seven young ladies and three young gentlemen who have withdrawn from Florence to the countryside,to escape the Black Death. Each one will tell one story every day to pass the time. Therefore they have told 100 stories. The selection isthefirst day of thebook,which describesthe Black Death, or plague,o

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